understending cloud computing Essay Example For Students

understending cloud computing Essay Understanding cloud computing:Cloud computing represents a major change in how we store digital information and run computer applications. Instead of running programs and storing data on an individual desktop computer, everything is hosted in the cloud an assemblage of computers and servers accessed via the Internet. Our applications and documents are in the process of moving from the desktop into what experts call the cloud thousands of computers and servers, all linked together and accessible via the Internet. With cloud computing, everything we used to do on our desktop computer is now done over the web; we can access all our programs and documents from any computer thats connected to the Internet. We will write a custom essay on understending cloud computing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now How does cloud computing work and how will it affect the way we work? The software programs we use are stored computer we own. The documents we create are stored on the computer on which they were created. And, although documents can be accessed from other computers on a network, they cant be accessed by computers outside the network. With cloud computing, the software programs we use arent run from our personal computer, but are rather stored on servers housed elsewhere and accessed via the Internet. If our individual computer crashes, the software is still available for others to use. The same goes for the documents we create; theyre stored on a collection of servers accessed via the Internet. Anyone with permission can not only access the documents, but can also edit and collaborate on those documents in real time. The applications and data served by the cloud are available to a broad group of users using different operating system platforms; access is via the Internet. Any author ized user can access these docs and apps from any computer over any Internet connection, using the common web browser. It isnt apparent whether cloud services are based on HTTP, HTML, XML, JavaScript, or other specific technologies; to the user, the technology and infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible. In short, cloud computing enables a shift from the computer to the user, from applications to tasks, and from isolated data to data that can be accessed from anywhere and shared with anyone. The user no longer has to take on the task of data management; he doesnt even have to remember where the data is. All that matters is that the data is in the cloud, and thus immediately available to that user and to other authorized users. Inside the Cloud: How Cloud Computing Works?In cloud computing, a network of computers functions as a single computer to serve data and applications to users over the Internet. The network exists in the cloud of IP addresses that we know as the Internet, offers massive computing power and storage capability, and enables wide-scale group collaboration. Simply, the cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via the Internet. This hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party in one or more data center locations. The machines can run any combination of operating systems; its the processing power of the machines that matter, not what their desktops look like. Individual users connect to the cloud from their own personal computers or portable devices. To these individual users, the cloud is seen as a single application, device, or document. The hardware in the cloud is invisible .This cloud architecture is deceptively simple, although it does require some intelligent management to connect all those computers together and assign task processing to multitudes of users. Understanding Cloud StorageOne of the primary uses of cloud computing is for offsite data storage. With cloud storage, data is s tored on multiple third-party servers, rather than on the dedicated servers used in traditional networked data storage. When storing data, the user sees a virtual server?that is, it appears as if the data is stored in a particular place with a specific name. But that place doesnt exist in reality; its just a pseudonym used to reference virtual space carved out of the cloud. In reality, the users data could be stored on any one or more of the computers used to create the cloud. The actual storage location may differ from day to day or even minute to minute, as the cloud dynamically manages available storage space. But even though the location is virtual , the user sees a static location for his data?and can actually manage his storage space as if it were connected to his own PC .Cloud storage has both financial and security advantages over traditional storage models. Financially, the clouds virtual resources are typically cheaper than dedicated physical resources connected to a perso nal computer or network. As for security, data stored in the cloud is secure from accidental erasure or hardware crashes, because it is duplicated across multiple physical machines; because multiple copies of the data are kept continually, the cloud continues to function as normal even if one or more machines go offline. If one machine crashes, the data is duplicated on other machines in the cloud. .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .postImageUrl , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:hover , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:visited , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:active { border:0!important; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:active , .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56 .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00b1a52b7cbb8eca52e165354c0c2e56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different types of bullying and the potential effects on children EssayUnderstanding Cloud ServicesAny web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud service. Cloud services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and presentations. Almost all large computing companies today, including both Google and Microsoft, are developing various types of cloud services. With a cloud service, the application itself is hosted in the cloud. An individual user runs the application over the Internet, typically within a web browser. The browser accesses the cloud service and an instance of the application is opened with in the browser window. Once launched, the web-based application operates and behaves like a standard desktop application. The only difference is that the application and the working documents remain on the hosts cloud servers. Cloud services offer many advantages to users. If the users PC crashes, it doesnt affect either the host application or the open document; both remain unaffected in the cloud. In addition, an individual user can access his applications and documents from any location on any PC or portable device, via an Internet connection. He doesnt have to a copy of every app and file with him when he moves from office to home to remote location. Finally, because documents are hosted in the cloud, multiple users can collaborate on the same document in real time, using any available Internet connection. Why is cloud computing important? For developers, cloud computing provides increased amounts of storage and processing power to run the applications they develop. Cloud comput ing also enables new ways to access information, process and analyze data, and connect people and resources from any location anywhere in the world. For IT departments, cloud computing offers more flexibility in computing power, often at lower costs. With cloud computing, IT departments dont have to engineer for peak-load capacity, because the peak load can be spread out among the external assets in the cloud. And, because additional cloud resources are always at the ready, companies no longer have to purchase assets (servers, workstations) for infrequent intensive computing tasks. If you need more processing power, its always there in the cloud?and accessible on a cost-efficient basis. For end users, cloud computing offers all these benefits and more. An individual using a web-based application isnt physically bound to a single PC, location, or network. His applications and documents can be accessed wherever he is, whenever he wants. Documents hosted in the cloud always exist, no m atter what happens to the users machine. And then theres the benefit of group collaboration, for both individuals and organizations. Users from around the world can collaborate on the same documents, applications, and projects, in real time. Its a whole new world of collaborative computing, all enabled by the notion of cloud computing. For everyone concerned, cloud computing does all this at lower costs, because the cloud enables more efficient sharing of resources than does traditional network computing. When you tap into the power of the cloud, you get supercomputing power at PC prices?something that offers particular appeal to individuals and small businesses. And, with cloud computing, hardware doesnt have to be physically adjacent to a firms office or data center; cloud infrastructure can be located anywhere, including and especially areas with lower real estate and electricity costs. Cloud computing is set to change the way everyone uses computers. End users and organizations will be able to tap into more computing power at lower prices, and do their computing from any location in the world. Add to this the untold benefits of enhanced collaboration, and you see why cloud computing is set to be the next big thing in the computing world. The cloud is coming are we ready for it?ReferencesArmbrust, M et al (2009), Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of CloudComputing, UC Berkeley EECS, Feb 10thhttp://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdfCass, S (2009), Market watch: Virtual computers, real money,MIT/Technology Review, July/Augusthttp://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22608/Economist (2008), Corporate IT Special Report: Let it rise, The Economist,Oct 23rdhttp://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12411882Goldstein, P (2009), The Tower, the Cloud, and the IT leader and workforce,in Katz, R (ed) (2009), The Tower and the Cloud: Higher Education in the Ageof Cloud Computing, Educausehttp://www.educause.edu/thetowerandt hecloudKatz, R (ed) (2009), The Tower and the Cloud: Higher Education in the Age ofCloud Computing, Educausehttp://www.educause.edu/thetowerandthecloudMcKinsey ; Co (2009), Clearing the Clouds , UptimeInstitute, Marchhttp://uptimeinstitute.org/images/stories/McKinsey_Report_Cloud_Computing/mckinsey_clearing_the%20clouds_final_04142009.ppt.pdfNaone, E (2009a), Technology Overview: Conjuring clouds, MIT/TechnologyReview, July/Augusthttp://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22606/Naone, E (2009b), Industry challenges: the standards question,MIT/Technology Review, July/Augusthttp://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22611/Vaquero, LM et al (2009), A break in the clouds: towards a cloud definition,Computer Communication Review, v39 i1 pp50-55http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1496091.1496100Yanosky, R (2009), From Users to choosers: The cloud and the changingshape of enterprise authority, in Katz, R (ed) (2009), The Tower and theCloud: Higher Education in the Age of Cloud Computing, E ducausehttp://www.educause.edu/thetowerandthecloudGolden, B (2009), McKinsey Cloud Computing Report Conclusions Dont AddUp, CIO, April 27http://www.cio.com/article/490770/McKinsey_Cloud_Computing_Report_Conclusions_Don_t_Add_UpHinchcliffe, D (2009), Eight ways cloud computing will change business,Enterprise Web 2.0 blog, June 5thhttp://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe/?p=488Young, J (2008), 3 ways that web-based computing will change colleges ?and challenge them, The Chronicle of Higher Education, v55 i10

Treatment of Fibromyalgia

Treatment of Fibromyalgia Introduction Falvo (2005) writes on the medical and psychosocial aspect of chronic disease including fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is defined as a rheumatologic disease in which the patient experience widespread pain, coupled with aching and stiffness of muscles and/or joints, plus fatigue, sleep disturbances, and broadly distributed sites of tenderness (tender joints) (Millea Hollaway, 2000, cited in Flavio, 2005, p. 421).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment of Fibromyalgia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The pain and uneasiness linked to fibromyalgia are spread, occurring in the hips, lower back, shoulders, and neck and other sites. The author refutes fibromyalgia as a degenerative disease because it does not cause damage to joints or bones; therefore, there is no definitive diagnostic test or objective findings that can validate the condition. Because of the lack of exceptional laboratory tests appli ed for diagnosis of the condition, diagnosis is centered on individuals’ testimony of history and symptoms, regarding the identifiable tender points as the major diagnostic indicator. Falvo (2005) notes that fibromyalgia can manifest other symptoms besides musculoskeletal pain, such as irritable bowel syndrome or headaches. Falvo (2005) argues that this condition can occur parallel with other sevre rheumatic disorders including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Moreover, psychological signs of depression and anxiety often accompany fibromyalgia. This chronic illness can impact an individual’s quality of life and can lead to interpersonal challenges due to its symptoms. The author underscores the significance of validating the individual’s symptomatic complaint in that it helps restores self-esteem and self-control, assisting them to adjust to their symptoms. Cause of Fibromyalgia According to the findings of Liu, Mantyh, Basbaum, (1997), enduring physical or emot ional abuse subjected to a person may produce some physiological alterations in that individual. It has been proven that a substantial group of people diagnosed with this illness that were subject to chronic stress from physical and emotional abuse, shared a common physiological outcomes. These outcomes include increased levels of N-methyl-D-aspertatesubstance P (NMDA-SP) and a rise in the expression of c-fos, which is a protein released under stress and found in neurons corresponding with pain. These outcomes considerably point to chronic stress as an impetus for hyperalgesia in FMS.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The resultant hyperalgesic state is a product of chronic muscular hypersensitivity to fatigue and pain, denoted as a stress-induced, diathetic, neuromuscular hyperalgesic condition (Ellis, n.d). Benett (1999) concluded that an ultimate understandi ng of pathogenesis of non-nociceptive pain is prerequisite for disqualifying FMS as a somatoform disturbance. Moreover he proposes that there may be needed a review of the concept of somatoform abnormalities, to classify them under clinical conditions by virtue of the knowledge physiology. The author defined the neurological pain course as gush of nerve impulses that emanates from nociceptors in visceral or somatic tissues (p. 386). In the course, nerve â€Å"impulses travel in peripheral nerves, with a first synapse in the dorsal horn and a second synapse in the thalamus, and end up in the cerebral cortex and other supraspinal structures. This results in a pain experience and the activation of reflex and later reflective behaviors† (p. 386). Normally, nociceptor-driven pain is effectively eliminated. Nevertheless with chronic pain, the association between nociception and resuscitation from pain is out of place or even absent and, thus pain endures. Usually the pain threshold escalates with palpation, though it decreases in FMS (Kosek, Ekholm, Hansson, 1996). Ellis, (n.d) presumes that this may be as a result of the absent or insufficient resuscitation of nociceptor signals. It is increasingly becoming evident that fibromyalgia has a genetic predisposition (Medscape, 2006). Progressively, the author argue that first-degree relatives of people indicating fibromyalgia are eight times at risk of developing the illness compared to the general population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment of Fibromyalgia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This condition has been often associated with polymorphism in serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) 2A receptor, the catecholamine o-methyl transferase enzyme, the serotonin transporter and the dopamine 4 receptor. These polymorphisms reportedly have influence on the transportation or metabolism of monoamines, compounds that are responsible for sensory processing and stress response (Medscape, 2006). Diagnosis Ellis (n.d) asserts that the key observations useful in the diagnosis of FMS are; i) a history of extensive pain, lasting for three months minimum and; ii) the recognition of pain in eleven out of eighteen tended sites on palpation. However, there are specific psychological and neuroendocrine factors that have been perceived to be virtually exhibited in FMS sufferers. Other diagnostic elements hat can give a comprehensive and accurate results are: Assessment of continuing stress as indicated on a score of state-trait anxiety. Assessment of the different physiological outcomes common in fibromyalgia patients that include though not necessarily limited to: Assessment for weak thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response and the decreased free serum calcitonin and calcium. Assessment for changed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (H-P-A) because of exaggerated adrenocortricotropic hormone feedback to coticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH) and subsequent decreased secretion of cortisol. Assessment for increased levels of substance P. Medical management/Treatment of fibromyalgia By virtue of being a chronic condition, only relative enhancement can be provided. Fibromyalgia patients may find neck support in sleep or abdominal exercise to alleviate stress on the lower back useful. Aerobic exercise including swimming or walking are valuable in relieving pain and tenderness and helping regarding sleep disturbances. Current studies have proven that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be effective in treatment of the disease (Falvo, 2005). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Hyperbaric oxygen therapy refers to administration of 100% oxygen at two or three folds the atmospheric pressure. It specifically used for treatment of specific musculoskeletal conditions including chronic osteomyelitis (Sugihara et al., 2004, cited in Falvo, 2005, p. 425). This strategy works by renovating the body’s immune system agains t infection and increasing frequency at which the system can destroy pathogens.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Patients inhale hyperbaric oxygen in an atmosphere of a specially deviced cylindrical singles of tricyclic antidepressants popularly used in this regard are; doxepin (sinequan) and amitrypatyline (Elavil) (MedicineNet, 2011). Fluxetine: there is substantial evidence that adding fluxetine (Prozac), or analogous medication, with low-dosage amitryptyline increases muscle pain relief, alleviate depression and anxiety in fibromyalgia patients. This combination is additionally more useful in enhancing restorative sleep and a general perception of well-being. The two combinations tend to neutralize the adverse effects each may cause. Tricyclic antidepressants can induce tiredness and fatigue, whereas fluxetine can cheer up and make patients more alert. In addition research has proven that Lorazepam (Ativan) was effective in relieving symptoms. Prozac has additionally been proven to be appropriate as a monotherapy with certain fibromyalgia patients. Trazodone can be administered at bedtime to enhance sleep if patients express hypersensitivity to trycyclic antidepressant Pregabalin (Lyrica): this medication was approved in 2007 to be used distinctively for treatment of fibromyalgia. Probably, this medication act through blockade of pain impulses in fibromyalgia patients. Its advantages lie in the flexibility of its dosing which can be shifted to meet the demands of the persisting symptoms. A related drug, gabapentin may also be employed in the treatment of the chronic illness. Duloxetine and milnacipran: the brand names are cymbalta and savella respectively. This drug combination has been conceived recently to be useful in the treatment of this disorder. These drugs have been proven to be useful in alleviating pain and improving function in fibromyalgia sufferers. Duloxetine has been useful in the treatment of depression and in alleviating pain in psychotic, including depression and anxiety. Pain relievers: Many other medications can be employed for the alleviation of fibromyalgia pain. Such pain relievers are; cortisone, tramadol, cyclobenaprine (muscle relaxant), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and guaifenesin. Other strategies include; use of cast, assistive devices, orthoses, traction, and surgery. Implications of Fibromyalgia illness Illness is defined as the ultimate feeling of out-of-control (McDaniel, Hepworth, Doherty, 1997, p. 7). Normally, ill individuals experience the despair to exercise some control over their lives such that they distress upon loosing their capacity to control significant outcomes in their lives. Thus, when people have a sense of individual control regarding their illness, they have a high tendency to have an optimistic physical and psychological adjustment to chronic condition [including Fibromyalgia] than their inverse (Shapiro, Shwartz, Astin, 1996). A hermeneutic-phenomenological evaluation of 12 women’s live experience with fibromyalgia outlined the themes of coping, ambivalence, and po werlessness (Ranhein Holand, 2006). The testimonies of these women depicted their efforts to control and manage the serious symptoms of their illness and their struggles to alleviate their sense of powerlessness that emanate from fatigue, pain and immobility. Victims of chronic diseases such as this have, who develop efficient methods for controlling their utmost serious symptom tend to posses a more optimistic attitude and reduced sense of powerlessness (Larsen, 2009). Seaman and Lewis (1995) found that powerlessness was linked with activity limitations and psychosocial indications, and mounting powerlessness was connected with failing health status. The theme of powerlessness in chronic illness is a fluctuating and complex matter. This phenomenon, can be caused by individual characteristics and outlook or induced by the changing nature of the disease; Fibromyalgia. It is inherent at same time imminent in the chronic illness. Nevertheless, the sense of powerlessness retreats and a dvances throughout the course of the disease as the patient negotiate between loss and control and steer through the varying landscape of their enduring realities. Also, factors such as the ability to manage symptoms and the degree of physical limitations can influence people’s experience with sense of powerlessness (Larsen, 2009). Clearly, fibromyalgia can have serious implications on the sufferer’s different aspects of live. These aspects may include education, training, and employment. Implication on employment Resells (2003) argues that fatigue, chronic pain and faults in processing and arranging cognitive experiences impact negatively on the patient’s capacity to compete in the labor force. They impact on his/her ability to focus. S/he may find annoying the extensions of tasks which normally are done over a short period. Often, patients exhibit intolerance for repetitive tasks or prolonged standing or sitting. Stress and unpleasant climatic conditions can p rominently worsen the FMS symptoms. Clearly, such employees cannot meet the expectations of the employer and as such jeopardize their job. They often get dismissed from work due to their low productivity. Further, the author asserts that the patient may exhibit lack of endurance because of physical or mental fatigue. S/he may express intense deterioration of symptoms with initially tolerated amounts of mental and physical functions leading to reactive symptoms. Other sources of work disability in FMS include; the lack of endurance, the randomness of symptom dynamics on a daily and even hourly basis, as well as the incidence of delayed reactive fatigue, pain and cognitive abnormalities. This requires prolonged time in the morning for patient to get going and many require frequent rest during the day. It in turn hinders patients from embarking on regularly planned tasks that are typically necessary for work-related functions and prerequisite in the competitive labor force. Implication on education Loss of mental acuity by patient can manifest in various ways including; poor concentration; problem in making and consolidating memories; incapacity to plan tasks and increased time required to complete a task; and emotional imbalances resulting from the impairment. This means that the student who suffers this illness often perform unsatisfactorily. This serves to worsen the condition due to frustration, leading to stress. This problem usually aggravates the effects of physical fatigue. In addition, short-memory failure exhibited by the patient undermines the efficiency of a task because intentions are initiated and forgotten and much energy and time is wasted locating lost items and they constantly need to reorganize disrupted tasks. This means that students experience challenges in recalling facts, and procedures. The patients often will fail their exams and fail to progress in academics. Vocational rehabilitation in fibromyalgia patients The following factors have a significant bearing in the vocational rehabilitation of patients with fibromyalgia. They are: Disability Resells (2003), suggest that the ability of the patient to engage and function sufficiently in rehabilitation programs must be reviewed through a long period with focus on long term range collective effects subsequent to a period spent in the program and the recurrence of symptoms. Disability can emerge in the emotional, cognitive and physical realms in different proportion of activity and impairment. In this regard various factors have a bearing in FMS patient’s rehabilitation. They include; effects of the symptoms, lack of patient endurance, impaired neurocognitive ability, unpredictability of symptom instability, and cumulative outcome. Assessment Examination by an by accredited occupational therapist (OT) or occupational specialist who is educated on fibromyalgia syndrome, and experienced in assessing disability may be useful though the treating physician should supe rvise and coordinate any rehabilitation interventions (Resells, 2003). Patient’s assessment can be carried out at home or workplace. In home assessment, an OT can avail significant background information on the routine function at home, including self care, endurance, maintenance of home and so forth. The degree of function at home has direct implication for the degree of function at workplace. In this regard the OT can assist the sufferer with energy conservation values and in pacing their performance (Resells, 2003). Workplace assessment, on the other hand, affords specific information on mental, physical, social, environmental and emotional job requirements. The author suggests that the assessment ought to be done on the job place as much as possible. All jobs must be assessed for aggravators to improve ergonomics, vary job responsibilities and positions, and enable flexibility in planning if employer based on the employers cooperation. Rehabilitation potential Resells (20 03) argues that the fibromyalgia patient’s medical treatment must be optimized before any rehabilitation program is considered. Importantly, the treating doctor must direct and coordinate the management and rehabilitation interventions. Rehabilitation staff must be knowledgeable about fibromyalgia syndrome. Also, the Pathophysiology of the disease must be considered and reflected in the rehabilitation program. Noteworthy, the rehabilitation program must be set based on the patient’s general demands and routine shifts in the patient’s symptoms and functional limits. The patient should be given the space to exercise autonomy in regard of the pace, complexity and duration of the program. In addition the attending physician must guarantee that the patient’s symptoms are checked consistently to detect cumulative outcomes. Importantly, a work hardening programs which undermines the Pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and/or the patient’s autonomy are imprope r for the patient and will aggravate the patient’s symptoms and clinical condition. Conclusion Suffers of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), argues Levy (1999), should know how its effects can impact adversely on the patients ability to sustain steady employment. The American with Disability Act (ADA) was enacted in 1990 to address the civil rights of the disable. This act aims to level the grounds for disabilities to sustain equal participation in the society. The law prohibits discrimination of the FMS patient through job application and recruitment protocols, hiring, firing, promotion, reimbursements, training, leaves among others. Also, it concerns privileges and conditions of employment including insurance, company parking lots, and so forth. Reference list Falvo, D. R. (2005). Medical and psychological aspects of chronic illness and  disability. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Ellis, L. E. (n.d). Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Practical and Effe ctive Approach. Compelling Counseling Interventions Article 16. Web. Kosek, E., Ekholm, J., Hansson, P. (1996). Sensory dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients with implications for pathogenic mechanisms. Pain, 68(2-3), 375-383. Larsen, P. D. (2009) Illness behavior. In P. D. Larsen I. M. Lubkin (Eds). Chronic  illness: Impact and intervention. Ontario London: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Levy, A. S. (1999). The Americans With Disabilities Act: What Persons With  Fibromyalgia Need to Know. National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. McDaniel, S. H., Hepworth, J. Doherty, W. J. (1997). The shared emotional themes of illness. In S.H. McDaniel, J. Hepworth, W. J. Doherty (Eds). The shared experience of illness: stories of patients, families, and their therapist. New York: Basic Books. MedicineNet. (2011). Fibromyalgia: what is the treatment for fibromyalgia?  MedicineNet. Ranhein, M. Holand, W. (2006). Lived experience of chronic pain and fibromyalgia: Women’s stories from d ailiy life. Qualitative Health Research, 16(6), 741-761. Resells, J. I. (2003). The fibromyalgia syndrome: a clinical case definition for  practitioners. Binghamton: Haworth Medical Press. Seaman, M., Lewis, S. (1995). Powerlessness, health and mortality: AS longitudinal study of older men and mature women. Social Science in Medicine, 41(4), 517-525. Shapiro, D. H., Schwarz, C. E. Astin, J. A. (1996). Controlling ourselves, controlling our world: psychology’s role in understanding positive and negative consequences of seeking and gaining control. American psychologist, 51, 1213-1230.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 100

Summary - Essay Example As a point of departure, the purpose of this research is to test for both first and second level intermedia agenda-setting interrelationships among news media. The content analysis methodology is used in this article. Hypothetical analysis on the public response and interrelationship between salience issues of in the Obama Campaign ads and the salience of issues in Obama in 30 seconds ads were created (Ragas & Kiousis, November 01, 2010). Several other hypotheses that relate salience of issues in MoveOn.org ads wit salience of issues in Obama campaigns ads were also created. In the essence, the methodology is hypothetical. This implies the hypothesis is tested based on the primary data used in this article. Random sampling was used to select the subsamples of the ads. For instance, second trainer examined 20% of the subsample of ads. On the same regard, the primary data collected and the samples selected were analyzed by the use of Spearman’s rho correlation. The statistical tests were used to compare the agendas that regarded the issues and the attributed salience (Ragas & Kiousis, November 01, 2010). The study remains one of the first analyses to analyze the communication efforts of web-based political activist group during the initial stages of an election contest in a close range. In addition, the study associates the efforts to the schedules of activists and a candidate’s campaign. It can be concluded that, the article consists of the original research findings because primary data is used in the hypothetical analysis (Ragas & Kiousis, November 01,

Power & Privilege Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power & Privilege - Essay Example With an eye towards balancing a calculation with relativity, I think a good working definition of poverty is the one Bagdikian offers. As for Ehrenreich’s writings, I found them to be interesting and evocative, but not particularly surprising. It doesn’t take an MIT graduate to figure out that $7.00/hr. for 40 hours a week isn’t going to buy three dollar-per-gallon gasoline while paying rent and groceries. Q2: What makes a person disabled? Similarly to defining poverty, disability can take both an objective and a subjective form. A person with a physical or mental condition that prevents them from functioning in a â€Å"normal† way is disabled. That said, however, it is far easier to recognize an individual imprisoned in a wheelchair than one locked up in her own mental hell; yet both are equally hampered when it comes to interacting with the community. As for my personal observations, the thing I dislike the most is the way that those with obvious disabilities are ignored in social settings, and the way those with cognitive function disabilities are mocked behind their backs. I have seen people in a crowded room act like the person in the wheel chair is not even there. I think everyone has seen people make fun of the mentally retarded. If I put myself in their place, I think I would want to be treated with the same respect and dignity as any other human being. Even if I am in a wheel chair, at least look at me and acknowledge my presence. Talk to me; introduce yourself. You know I am disabled, and I know I am disabled, but I am not invisible.

The Need for Variance Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Need for Variance Analysis - Term Paper Example Baker and Baker (2014) define variance as "The difference between standard and actual prices and quantities" (p. 201), and variance analysis as "Analysis of these differences" (p. 201). Variance analysis underscores or brings attention to deviations from what was initially intended. It is only after deviations have been identified that adequate and effective decisions can be made by the individuals in management positions (Baker and Baker, 2014). According to Berger (2011), lack of conducting a variance analysis may prompt leaders to overlook areas causing these deviations and hence fail to make relevant decisions. For variance analysis to be performed, a prior formulation of standards ought to be conducted, for instance, budgetary targets (Baker and Baker, 2014). This shows that variance analysis drives managers and other leaders to set targets or standards in advance. Decision making goes hand-in-hand with accountability in that individuals overseeing areas proved by the variance a nalysis to be causing the variations are answerable. Therefore, departmental heads are forced to make effective decisions and implement relevant strategies that forces them to operate within the budget (Berger, 2011). In the case study, new procedures for discharging patients have been implemented. A variance analysis conducted after six months showed that costs were running 25 percent higher than was expected. After conducting the variance and proving that there is actually a deviation from the budget by 25 percent, the next step would be to identify the causes of the deviation (Berger, 2011). There are many areas that may cause the deviation, for instance, extended working hours that increase the cost of labor. After identifying the cause of the deviation, then my next step would be to evaluate action plans under implementation to determine their effectiveness and investigate how they can be improved (Berger, 2011). If the action plans

Young Peoples Time Perspectives: From Youth to Adulthood

Young Peoples Time Perspectives: From Youth to Adulthood Summarise and critically evaluate the article (Brannen, J Nilsen, A 2002) â€Å"young peoples time perspectives focusing on; A) Its conceptual and theoretical framework and B) Its methodology and approach to evidence. The Author Brennan’s history includes her being a professor in Sociology for the University of London. She has written books and researched in on topics relating to gender and families with young people and children. She also co-edits, the International Journal of Social Research Methodology: theory and practice. The co-author history included Nilsen being a professor at the Department of Sociology, University of Bergen in Norway. She has researched in topic’s relating to women’s life course, biographical methods and time and environmental sociology. She is also the co-editor of the Journal of Psychology. The article under discussion examines three bodies of theory: individualization, the life course, and concepts of time. It cross-examines these theories with respect to the following questions: how young people speak about the future; the bearing of young peoples situations and time perspectives upon the way they envisage the transition to adulthood. Empirical d ata is taken from five different European countries and material from focus group discussions and interviews are conducted with young people taken from west-European countries, Britain and Norway. They analyzed variations in young peoples ways of thinking about their future lives, and propose, as a basis for further research, three ideal typical models. The concepts include Nowotneys concept of â€Å"extended present, which is the notion of planning for the future, which may be altered by the experiences of the present†. It is has been stated by Sennett 1998, that a shift from linear concept of time can mean people no longer try to predict the future and the notions of planning loses its meaning, Brannen and Nilsen have scrutinized all the theories and concepts mentioned. The purpose of their article was to begin to develop a language of description (Bernstein 1996) for representing and interpreting the nuances and diversity in young people’s orientation to adulthood which may be applied and modified in future research. They aimed to look at theories of life course processes and wanted to observe how young people think and speak about the future. The cross national study â€Å"young people’s orientation to the future reconciliation of employment and family life†, This initial cross-national analyses focus was on young peoples view’s of future in general and did not set out explicitly to examining the future in general, neither or their conceptualizations of time. There work related to another parallel study carried out with interviewing Norwegian men and women, (Nilsen, and Brannen 2002). The study method included 12 focus groups with three different groups for interviews; they tried to make each group as alike in terms of demographics as possible, however theory did not discuss what measures of precaution they took. The groups were divided by education and training levels, by occupational level, and by those in manual or while collar jobs. Questions about merging employment and family life were for most young people at the time of interview were hypothetical. The study was not concentrating on the issues such as time perspectives and theories linking to it, thus they were not able to examine methodically the interactions of gender, age and social class to the three models thinking about the future. The explicit focus of the study was on future reconciliation or employment and family responsibilities. Nilsen and Brannen were interested in gathering a qualitative approach. They did not however take into consideration the time scale was short and the research funding wa s low, there lack of planning and budgeting was thus seen. They explained further that is when the aim of when they decided to change it from a qualitative approach to an exploratory one. They employed focus groups ranging from 3-10 people. They do however agree to that fact that it is not justifiable, in which focus group methodology can generalize about young people to produce biographical material. They further stated that as well as focus groups, interviews were conducted with selected young people aged 18-30 however they did not provide evidence and document the findings in the article, which leads to questions of the purpose of such interviews. They talked about the theoretical perspectives including in the Individualisation theory (Beck 1992, 1994; Beck-Gernsheim, 1995; Giddens, 1991, 1994). This theory holds the idea that the processes remove structural separations of gender, social class and age. The assertion that individual choices become more important and the choice biography replaces the standard biography 1996. This theory has received much speculation, by Beck, Giddens 1994, Bauman 1998a, and Nowotney 1994. The â€Å"extended present† which takes account of â€Å"choice biography† and suggest it is untried as argued by Brannen and Nilsen that the way people pass through the transition to adulthood is prejudiced by their experiences of time. Brannen and Nilsen’s came to the conclusion of explaining there findings through proposing, three models. Brannen and Nilsen looked at three theories, 1) Individualization, 2) The life course 3) concepts of time. The models they obtained suggested a larger range in ways of thinking and planning for the future than the individualization theories. They attempted to apply theory to empirical data. They stated they were looking for a qualitative approach which then talked above exploratory, which leads the reader feeling a bit baffled. They compared the findings form both countries of Norway and England. They have put forward three models in the conclusions, model of Deferment, the model of Adaptability and the model of Predictability. There work carries no internal or external validity, when a test has content validity; the items on the test represent the entire range of possible items the test should cover. Individual test questions may be drawn from a large pool of items that cover a broad range of topics, however in Nilsen and Brannen study this was not the case. Brannen and Nilsen stated that young people were chosen as young people focus on time, a feature of social experience which has been ignored in empirical research. Brannen and Nilsen have put forward three ideal typical ways that have been identified in and applied to new material. One of the models of deferment, they have presented a critical case of younger women consider adulthood in looser terms, than the women in the second group the model of adaptability. From their findings they did report that imposing a dichotomy upon peoples lives in terms of either the â€Å"choice biography† is too simplistic. Brannen and Nilsen did not agree with other researchers they argued looking at their own models that a greater array of though processes and planning for the future in comparison to Individualization thesis â€Å"choice Biography†. They proposed that there are many factors affecting time orientations; these include the opportunity structures of education and training w hich have influence for employment aspirations. They argue that the complex material of social, cultural and discursive resources available or not, to young people together with the way young people adjust themselves in time, lead to construction of their identities .Brannen and Nilsen focus was differing from the cross-national analyses published by Brannen et al 2002. In that study the focus was on examining the view of the future in general neither or their conceptualizations of time. This article presented draws on a separation of cases from Norwegian and British seeking to apply to theories in time .At the end of the study all participants should have been given a full debrief, it is not clear from their article if this was carried out or not. All study participants should be told about procedures and any potential risks he confidentiality must also be maintained. They explained that the life course is no longer so clearly gendered .They researched that the decline of unskilled and semi skilled jobs in Britain and Norway led to led to men holding adult responsibilities at the same time as pursuing their youth, however women expected to have a job first then go down the route of motherhood, Brannen et al 1997. They also found that youth as a period of preparation for adulthood is going through change (Furlong and Cartmet ). The sources the authors used included their own research areas and past research that they had carried out. (Brannen and Moss, Owen Wale 1997, also Brannen and Nilsen and Smithson 2002; Also from Nilsen’s 1998, and 1999 studies).This article appears to be an extension of the areas of attention brought forward from past research experiments. The rhetoric and style of the article seems to be quite informal and loosely structured. Although some areas of their experimental explanations are clear, other areas are quite unclear with regard to the methodology and gathering of data. As a reader one is not convinced of their findings as t hey are qualitative and can not draw generalization to the wider public. Cultural issues were not considered in the countries studied carried out in, it is difficult to generalize the findings from cross-national studies, as every country to some degree has their own cultural patterns in youth to adulthood. In total they reported five countries were studies however he results qualitative that they may have been, was not mentioned. Other countries studied were not talked about a great deal nor the results discussed. Their study held no concurrent validity, construct validity or any predictive validity, as no tests were employed The intended audience to receive the data and outcomes of this research can be interpreted as the government and large organizations, as their focus was orientations over time, this would be beneficial to know. Also Cross-national studies lead to practical implications. The observations made can lead to a comparison of the employment/ education levels along with areas that each of the countries studies .This information is useful in the knowing which country is economically developing, along with attitudes of the public. Bibliography: Brannen Nilsen 2002, a ‘Young Peoples Time Perspectives: From Youth to adulthood. 2002. Falmer 2000. Connecting children and family life in later childhood, Routledge D. C. Howell 2002. Statistical Methods for Psychology, 5th edition, Duxbury/Thomson Learning. Weiner, I., 2003. Handbook of Psychology. New York, NY: Wiley 1

Big Black Good Man

Big Black good Man and Battle Royal I believe Richard Wright's story â€Å"Big Black Good Man† was written in a time when racial prejudice was a major factor in society. In Today’s society we still have racial prejudice, but it is not as strong as back then. The point in which Richard Wright wanted to get by writing this story is that people should â€Å"never judge others by their race†. In the story, Olaf mentioned Jim was not the first black man he serviced, but he started to make drama of Jim’s behaviors in his head. I think Olaf was the type of person who is ignoring that he is a racist but he actually is one.This was the most important point that Richard Wright was trying to make. This story is focusing more on characters. There were two characters, which responded very differently to the black man. Olaf, whom was working in a hotel for guest services, has an average life, average job and also average thinking. Based on the story Olaf is a type of ma n that is happy with his life and lifestyle and respects others the way they are. Although, as soon as it comes to big black man who enters the hotel every thing about him suddenly changes, some unexpected fear surrounds him.However, every day of Jims stays in the hotel Olaf would gain more fears of a big black man. In his mind, Jim is a big, black, loud and violent man that wants to kill him. On the other hand, Lena responded very differently to the black man. Based on the story, Lena was poor and wiling to do anything such as prostituting to earn money, in order to take care of her four children. Even at the arguments she had with Olaf, she mentioned that he is just another man with manly needs â€Å"He’s just a man†¦I handle ‘im. † She was seeing his as an ordinary man who had good money and wants her; of course it was no fear of him to her conflicting than Olaf.She was called to Jim’s room every night and she was willing to continue. I believe she wouldn’t care if he is black or if he is big, all that matters was the reality of Jim as a man who has money to lead her for taking care of her children. They also ended up liking each other, and started dating and at the end of the story Jim was thankful to Olaf as well. Lena stopped prostituting and making love with Jim; she must have seen him as a good man so she was willing to drop her income. On the other hand, when the story ends Olaf realized Jim was not a violent and harsh man he actually is a big black good man.In addition, when it comes to comparing we can compare â€Å"Big Black good Man† by Richard and â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison. The point in which both narrators wanted to make was the fact of differences in race and struggling of being different. â€Å"Battle Royal† is about young African American who is ? struggling to have a place in their society. It was kind of hard for people back then to deal with this situation and it was al so hard for black people to get into white society. It was all about equality and identity, which they did not have, back then.However, this story was written in 1947, black society in the U. S. was struggling to find an identity for itself separate from the unfair force accrued by a white culture. Ellison uses the theme of blindness throughout the story as he describes the relations between the narrator and the characters in the story. The paper describes the story, beginning with a strange type of the death of the narrator's grandfather and the advice he gave him about life and how to behave as a black man. Grandfather’s advice leads the whole story making narrator to fallow his advice and using it trough his life.In the story, young black boy struggle to get ahead in a predominately white society, he wanted to reach this goal in using his grandfathers advice. His grandfather told him to â€Å"live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome ‘em with yeses, undermine ‘em with grins, agree ‘em to death and destruction, let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open†. I believe his grandfather was trying to tell him to conform to the white people. The whole story shows his struggle and hardships his taking to reach his goal by fallowing grandpa’s advice.At the end of the story he also gives out a successful speech of this advice at his graduation. In conclusion, throughout time racism has been the cause of millions of deaths. In early centires racial prejudice was a major factor in society, now we see less racial prejudice. So many people still struggling because of racist people and some people are hiding their racisom. In both stories authors are trying to tell audiences stop judging people by their look, color and culture, there is absolutely no different between white and black it’s just a color. Human is a human and life goes on with all differences in people. Big Black Good Man â€Å"Big Black Good Man† Racism has existed for as long as humans have walked the earth. â€Å"Big Black Good Man,† by author Richard Wright takes place in 1957 in Copenhagen, Denmark at a cheap hotel on the docks. Olaf Jensen is a 60 year old white night porter who sees all kinds of people come there for a room. When Jim, a 6 1/2 foot tall black sailor who works for American Continental Line, arrives, the dilemma begins. Olaf is frozen by the sight of Jim and wonders whether he should give him a room. But we must read more deeply into the text to know what Olaf is actually feeling.Despite appearances, Olaf is not a racist because he has a multi-cultural background, he is afraid of Jim's size and power, not his skin color, and he feels insecure in Jim's presence. First, Olaf is not a racist because he has a multi-cultural background. In his youth Olaf was a in the services he was a sailor. While in the services over the world traveled all over the world. During his wor ld travels, Olaf has been exposed to a diversity of people from different background, races and cultures.While in navy, Olaf lived side by side with people of color â€Å"In his days, he’d worked and eaten and slept and fought with all kinds of men. † Olaf had been exposed to so much with so many culture. Olaf even lived in the melting pot on the world. â€Å"He lived in New York city for ten years. † For him to live so long in a city with such diversity suggests a open-mindedness to tolerance for different. During his travels, he even had learned 8 languages: â€Å"English, French, German, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian and Spanish. He took the time to learn these languages so he could better understand the people he was associating with. This makes it hard to believe that he was a racist. 1950’s segregation was still going on at this time, but it didn’t make any difference to Olaf. He actually states â€Å"It was not the hotel did not admit men of color†¦. He took all comers, blacks, yellows, whites, and browns. † Olaf did not discriminate on the basis of skin color. â€Å"to Olaf men were men. † Second, Olaf is not a racist because he is afraid of Jim's size and power, not his skin color.Jim’s sheer size at â€Å" 61/2 feet into the air, almost touching the ceiling. † Would cause any men to be afraid. Olaf constantly emphasize Jim’s enormous physique and power, describe as â€Å"His chest bulged like barrel† and â€Å"his rocklike shoulders hinted mountain ridgesâ€Å" and â€Å"the stomach ballooned like a threatening stone. † Olaf description of Jim gives a great image of Jim as a massive size and intimating features. It is easy to understand Olaf fear of Jim. He afraid so Jim that â€Å"With just one look at Jim’s hands he would have shivers†. Olaf was completely terrified of Jim.Later in the story, Jim walked in to the office and demand Olaf to s tand. Standing inch apart Jim lifted his mammoth hand his around Olaf throat. † Olaf lost control of the reflex of his body and felt a hot stickiness flooding his underwear. Olaf fear made him loss control over his own bodily function. I only could imagine this situation and reacting any different then Olaf. Third, Olaf is not a racist because he feels insecure in Jim's presence. Olaf is a small 5†7† 60 years old Caucasian man. Although he wasn’t poor he wasn’t rich, either a lifetime of working, he was still only a night potter.In comparison, Jim who has money, youth and power. He envied Jim â€Å" the easy manner in which it moved with such a creeping powerful motion† He felt that Jim presence command attention and respect. Having this enormous men in his presence frightened and insulted Olaf. â€Å"He believed that this man had come here expressly to remind him how puny, how tiny, and how weak he was. † Olaf offers to take Jim‘s bag, but Jim replies â€Å"That‘s too heavy for you, big boy: I‘ll take it† Olaf feel that this man makes him inferior and less of a man. As a result, Olaf â€Å"Seethed against himself for his involuntary weakness†.He was angry for allowing this men to make him feel weak. Unable to stand up to Jim, he feels â€Å"Him self beaten†, stating â€Å"He thinks am nothing. † Olaf felt so belittle by this man specially after what happen with Jim in his office when due to true fear he wet him self he was so embarrassed that he couldn’t even tell his wife â€Å" he wept†¦. He went home and lied to his wife, he had an upset stomach. † Olaf was so embrace about what had happen he lied. Olaf was so insecure of him self after meeting Jim. This essay has made it clear that Olaf is not a racist but just a very afraid men.A men that aloud his fear cloud his judgments. Even thou he was afraid he never aloud him self to act upon his fears. T his story is a great example of how important close reading is. If you just focus on the vocabulary without putting any thought to what you read you could believe he is a racist. But once you look into the text and take into count the complete picture. An after only after you have read and reread is that the truth come to light. This story show us a great example of not judging a book by it cover. Even thou Jim was huge and scary he was one of the nice people.

Education Is the Only Key of Life for Turkish Women Essay

Education right, right to vote and stand for election are basic rights of humanbeings and the elements of democracy. These rights are essential to prove the existence of a person in society. Altough, these rights were given to Turkish women before many western countries, Turkey fell behind in applying and improving these rights. In many parts of Turkey, women are not allowed to use their rights and it is still debated that should women have job, should they get education and basically, how women should live. Even if, there are many dissenting opinions about if women should be educated or not, Turkish women should be educated to be able to get their economic freedom and be aware of their rights.. Being able to make own decisions, living independent is crucial necessity for people and having economic freedom is the first step to be independent. However, in Turkey, either women are not allowed to work or they prefer to be housewifes. When they are not married, they live with their families and they depend on them, after they marry, they are dependent on their husbands. Either way, they never live their life the way they want to and they are content with what they have. In Turkey, if a woman works, she is accused of not being good mother or wife. Yet, on the contrary, if woman work, she feels herself productive, effective, social and only then,she gains self-confidence. Meghan O’Rourke says, â€Å"Only by working, can women can have a fully â€Å"flourishing† life† As she says, only a working woman gets whatever she wants and so, she becames more beneficial for her families. Also, if women work, she supports family financially and it brings to having high life standards. However, in patriarchal societies, being independent women mostly causes problems in family. Times of India’s IDiva research shows that, The survey of over 24,000 adults in 23 countries, conducted by Reuters/Ipsos and released on the eve of International Women’s Day, showed that people from India (54 percent), Turkey (52 percent), Japan (48 percent), China, Russia, Hungary (34 percent each) and South Korea (33 percent) were most likely to agree that women should not work. 52 percent women in Turkey think that women’s place is at home because, women and man not equal in working arena. When women work, she is still charged of house chores and these chores take a lot of time, besides these chores women have to take care of children. So, it is really hard to carry out all together these works and when women cannot balance house work and job, man began to complain. These complaints are another reason for women’s stress therefore, women are fed up with everything and they give up their job. If they do not, it causes serious damages in family, and if women insist to continue her job, it even may leads to divorce. So, many women have to give up their job fort he sake of family. Another reason why women should get education is that education brings women awareness, only an educated women can be aware of her rights. Being aware of rights is important for women because, women are exposed to violence, rape. Also, they are forced to marry when they are children and in Turkey, man can have a second wife and women are forced to live together. According to KSGM’s research, 39 percent of Turkish women are exposed to violonce by their husbands and 48. 5 percent women cannot tell anyone about violance that they are exposed. Women are ashamed of being subjected violance and also, due to they afraid of their husband, they do not tell anyone. Mostly, they cannot tell because they depend on their husband and their families usually do not protect them†¦ After violance, one of the biggest problem in Turkey is child brides. Especially in east of Turkey, little girls are forced to marry a man who is older than them for Money. According to surveys, â€Å"Turkey has one of the highest rates of juvenile marriages in the world† ( Tokyay). Also, the survey points out that, in Turkey there are 28 percent of child brides, and 41 percent of this is unofficial religious marriages. Tokyay). To challenge with these injustice, cruelty, and oppression they have to get education because if they get education, they become independent and aware of their rights therefore, they do not have to yield man anymore. They can sue their husband, their families that commit violance or force to marry and they can defend themselves. In a patriarchal society like Turkey, woman who are aware, and protect her own rights, is thought as insolet versus man and she is accused of losing femininity. In this type society, there are certain roles for man and women. Man are charged with taking care of his family, protecting his wife. As to women, â€Å" their main preoccupation, fostered by parents and educators alike, is â€Å" the pursuit of a wedding ring. † As one editor put it, college for women was the â€Å" world’s best marriage mart. † † (reed 4) They are raised to be perfect wifes who respect, trust, yield to their husbands. It does not matter how she is smart or successful, marriage is the only aim. If she does not have good marriage, she thinks that she is inadequate. Therefore, men see women as their properties. So, when a woman defends herself, resists again her husband, man takes this as disrespectfulness and disobedience. Not just man, also society think that if woman is smart and she has job, if she can live herself without man supporting, she is tought that she loses her femininity. â€Å" Collage girls, terrified lest they lose their â€Å"femininity† through any display of brains or serious study, learn to camouflage their intellegence or obediently empty their minds altogether ( Reed 3). They avoid to show their intellegence and talents because they are not supposed to think, they supposed to toe the line by told their husband or families. substaining and extending this redirection of women are the powerful moulders of public opinion: editors and writers of slick magazines for women, newspaper columnists, TV shows, movies, popular novels, pulps, and aii the rest. Indiously and unremittingly they warn women that even yearning to Express their intellects and talents would be â€Å" heavily paid for† by the loss of their â€Å"femeninity†Ã¢â‚¬  ( Reed 5). In All soap operas, all women magazines there are subtitles that manupulate women to stay at home and to be good wife. They teach them how they can make merry their husband or what they sould do to not lose their husband. Because all women should live for their husband, children and all they should think to protect this joyful life. So, if women put herself with brains and qualifications, it makes her unfeminine and not to proper for marry. To conclude, women should get education in order to be stronger, to be independent, to stand on her own legs. In patriarchal societies like Turkey, women should not yield to rules, traditions, on the contrary, they try to change society perspective because women shape the whole society.. As Mustafa Kemal Ataturk says, â€Å"Insan toplulugu kad? n ve erkek denilen iki cins insandan olusur. Kabil midir bu kutlenin bir parcas? n? ilerletelim, otekini ihmal edelim de kutlenin butunu ilerleyebilsin? Mumkun mudur ki bir cismin yar? s? topraga bagl? kald? kca, oteki yar? s? goklere yukselebilsin ? †. society will progress, upgrade as long as women have a real sense of community. Finally, first and foremost a woman should get education for herself if she wants to make her life meaningful. otherwise, she will be nothing but man’s slave.

A Game Plan for Planting New Churches

A Game Plan for Planting New Churches Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Then the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had told them to go. When they saw him, they worshiped him; but some doubted. Then Jesus came to them and said, ‘All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age’† (NIV Mat 28:16-20). The Great Commission is Jesus’ command for all Christians to spread the news of the Kingdom of God and disciple to unbelievers. But just how are Christians supposed to do this? There are several obstacles a church planter must overcome in order to establish a new church in rural America in the twenty-first century. In order for the church planter to fulfill his/her vision in following Jesus’ instruction to plant this new church a game plan must be drawn up, followed through on, and carried out. Church planting is a team effort of several people and organizations, and just as Jesus instructed the eleven disciples to work together, so must the church planter work with his or her team. According to Aubrey Malphurs book, Planting Growing Churches for the Twenty First Century, â€Å"Church planting is a long drawn out, yet very exciting leap of faith that includes the preparation and growing of new local churches by believing Jesus’ promise and obeying His Great Commission to further His kingdom† (21). â€Å"Make disciples of all nations† is the most important and stressed command given by Jesus in the Great Commission. Faith, discipleship, and obedience are required to fulfill this command, not just for the disciple, but for the listener as well (Hesselgrave 23). What’s the Game Plan? Every church planter must have a game plan to have a successful ministry. This plan is a well written schedule of short and long term goals to be accomplished, tasks that need to be completed for each goal, and the people or items needed to fulfill each task. The plan of conceiving the new church to opening the doors for that first Sunday service may be several months apart, but without organization, the team can never fulfill Jesus’ command (Heron). Malphurs also states in his book, â€Å"It is critical to the ultimate success of the new church that it has a single, clear vision. The church must know where it is going!† (119). One’s theology of ministry will have a powerful impact on the developed game plan. If a person is too professionalized in his or her idea of the new church to be planted, his or her strategy of the church and its growth will be radically different from the person who believes in a more contemporary ministry for every new believer (Brock 19). Recruiting your team No one person can successfully plant a new church. A Christian can simply look at Jesus to see that our Lord and Savior needed twelve people to help Him start the greatest church of all time! Finding the right people for the team of church planters is a tough, yet rewarding challenge in the game plan. Further, take a look at Paul. He did not try to carry out the Great Commission alone, but instead used his team of Barnabas, Timothy, Luke and several others to makes disciples of all nations (Malphurs 285). The church planter cannot simply place an ad in the newspaper for a support team. He/she must go out and canvas to find the right people God has in mind for the new church. The church planter must meet with each individual on a one to one basis and be able to articulate the vision and core values of the church, market the church benefits and its opportunities of ministering to seekers and new believers, and build a positive relationship with the new team from that first impression (Ritchey 56). There are several ways to recruit the future members of a church planting team. School and seminaries often are good places to find other people who share your vision of church planting. These people will have different spiritual gifts and skills than a church planter that can be utilized to add to the strength of your team in fulfilling the Great Commission (Back 37). Located in the back yard of the new church are a plethora of people looking to become part of a new church team. They may have skills never tapped by other churches, or they may be looking for that little bit of encouragement, nurturing, and training to discover the talents God has given them (Swauger 27). Networking with other churches in the area is another great source for locating a support team. These churches may loan out their staff to help assist the new church in its growth by having one of the pastors lead a series of sermons, having the worship team perform one Sunday a month, or even have a team of teachers help with the children’s ministry in the new church (Ritchey 59). Making contact with the churches in the area and developing relationships will lead to nothing but rewards for everyone involved. Some benefits to having a core team in place right away is that the team already makes up a church. It may be a small church, but it is a church nonetheless. A team working together in good and bad times shows the new congregation just how tight knit and powerful the glory of God is working through them. As the new members see the core team working together in love and harmony, they will perceive the Gospel as not empty words, but as reality (Shenk 44). Another reason for having a strong core team is that it allows the power of leadership to be divided among others, thereby alleviating the stress and burden off the shoulders from the church planter. By sharing the responsibilities of building and planting the new church, it allows the congregation to see and accept leadership in the various church communities (Wagner 142). Affiliation Another aspect of church planting must be decided is whether the church planter is going to be adopted by a mother church and choose to affiliate with the mother church’s denomination, or whether will the new church be an independent entity. A mother church, is a larger, more established church in the area which gives financial and spiritual support, and is the denomination the new church wishes to follow. There are several pros and cons associated with making this critical decision. The easiest reason for a new church to be adopted by a mother church is the support given by the mother church. After the honeymoon phase of planting a new church is over, isolation from other churches tends to set in. Some independent churches do tend to form alliances and support groups with other independents to overcome the struggles they face on their own (Schaller 47). From these independent support groups, the churches usually find they are able to survive the early growing pains of a new church life until they are able to become more established. Another reason to be adopted by a mother church is to receive the denominational resources provided by the regional or divisional headquarters. These resources can be discounts on educational materials for Bible classes, low interest construction loans, and receiving the services of staff specialists or counselors in times of need (Schaller 47). A tremendous benefit and boost to planting the new church is to be sponsored by a mother church. This is also known as creating a multi site congregation. There have been times when a larger congregation has out grown its current location. Instead of building a new church and moving the entire congregation to this new facility, they may in turn purchase a new church and run both churches as one legal corporation. In this case, there would be one senior pastor for each church, but one leadership board, one staff, one budget. Each church would live on its own with its own services, events, and Bible classes, but would have the support and strength of the mother church. Eventually, the daughter church would splinter off on its own and become its own legal corporation (Miller 62).  ¬Location Location of the new church is another obstacle faced by the church planter. So many options come into play that most planters need the help of their support staff to keep from being overwhelmed. Does the new church rent a facility in the beginning? If so, where and for how long do they lease? If and when the new church decides to buy its first piece of real estate, the church planter and his/her team are inundated with needing to choose how big of a piece of land, the geographic location, the size of the building, and deciding if they wish to have extra land to expand upon at a later date. Most new churches do not have the financial means to spend on a parcel of land, the architects and contractors to build the church, or the furniture needed to fill the church. They have to start small and the best locations tend to be middle or high school classrooms or auditoriums. Schools tend to be in well settled areas and are easy to find. The rent charged by schools tends to be cheaper than leasing from a banquet hall and furniture is generally provided. The schools do offer ample parking, and, as the church grows, the space is generally available to expand in the auditorium or cafeteria of the school (Swauger 33). Another perk with using a school to start the new church is the church planter already has classrooms available for Sunday school or Bible classes. This may add a small additional cost to the lease and the core team may be held responsible for following through on clean up afterwards, but anything to help the church body to grow is a blessing. Other temporary locations that have worked for new churches are at local shopping malls. This allows young and old shoppers alike to see and â€Å"window shop† the church while conducting their normal shopping needs. The church can also offer special programs during the week to help boost the visibility by offering Christian daycare, counseling programs, or a neighborhood crime watch (Malphurs 332). Once the church body out grows the initial facility, looking to purchase a tract of land to build the permanent church home is required. If the town has new housing or growth in a particular area, then focusing in that area may be the smartest move. In this case, large areas of land can be purchased to allow the church to grow as it needs, whether it is by adding new buildings, more parking, or even recreational areas for the children and adult members (Swauger 33). If there are no growth spurts in the town or no large tracts available in adequate areas, then the church planter and his/her team should look into buying an older church. Over the years, several churches have lost members and struggle with the current economic conditions (Chaney 14). These churches may allow another church to move in and share the facilities and expenses while still completing the Great Commission (Malphurs 331). Church Facilities Along with the location of the new church, the church planter and the core team need to consider several other factors concerning where the new church family is going to meet. People don’t like going to a dark restaurant or walking two blocks to go to their favorite store, so why should the place they worship God be any different? Appearance is the most important factor when choosing the location of the new church. The appearance of the new church is going to affect the core team’s attitude dramatically. The core team will be working at the new church quite extensively and people tend to see their environment as a reflection of themselves. Also, seekers are looking to find a church that meets their high standards caused by today’s society. If they cannot find a church because it is hard to find or located in a troubled neighborhood, the seekers are going to stay away. If the building is in disrepair they will not come. If they do come, the seekers may reject the message given because of the repairs needed (Malphurs 325). The location must be visible from the street and have access for all types of vehicles and be handicap friendly. People with special needs may require the assistance of a ramp, automatic doors, or wider aisles between the pews. To not accommodate the needs of the challenged is to fail in the Great Commission (Malphurs 325). There is an old saying that cleanliness is next to godliness. In a new church, cleanliness is godliness! When people come to a church, they generally look at two things in particular for dirt: the women’s bathroom and the children’s ministry. Parents want to make sure their children are in safe conditions and with infants, generally the mother will handle the babies in the women’s restroom for changing dirty diapers. Malphurs states in his book, â€Å"Pastor Bill Hybel’s of Willow Creek Community Church believes this is so important that not only are the facilities cleaned once per week, but nicks and scratches are cleaned and repaired as well† (326). Who, Why, and How Do We Gather a Following? For the church planter to decide who the new church is going to minister to can be a tough choice. It can be compared to choosing which sport you wish to play as a child. Do you wish to have the new church focus on single adults looking for a more contemporary foundation? Or does the new church want to appeal to families with younger children interested in youth ministries? Choosing the type of people you want to disciple to is like choosing your favorite sport. You can actively participate in two or three successfully. But just as you can’t excel in every sport you try, the church planter cannot appeal to every type of person in the world. Once the church planter and the core team have decided on a target group or groups to minister to, a plan has to be developed that reaches the people. Several low cost methods are available that have proven to be effective. These include direct mailings, email blitzes, billboard advertisements, and simple network marketing with local churches and support groups. Telemarketing and door to door canvassing have proven to not be as effective as they once were in the 1980’s and 1990’s (Schaller 90, 98 and Ritchey 55-58). In 1990, there were 80 million people in the United States who did not claim to be affiliated with any church or other religious body (Church). This represents almost one third of the population in the United States. In Churches PlantingChurches, nonbelievers were asked in a survey why they didn’t attend church, the following answers were given: 27% did not feel comfortable with the old fashion traditions 18% felt ostracized for their past life experiences 16% could not find a church that was conducive to their work schedules 12% said their children would not understand it 8% didn’t want to make a commitment or feel pressured to join a Bible group or ministry. (Church) No one church planter can reach every person, but it is clear that an effective approach communicating the vision of the church clearly and articulately to the population will show there is a growing need and desire among people to find a church home. The church planter and the core team should pool their resources and find other believers with talents and gifts and use them to help build the ministry. As a congregation grows, it can expand the realms of its ministry to cater to the needs of the target groups in the area. Finances Of all the obstacles faced by the church planter and the core team, finances are at the top of the list. So many people avoid the ministry of church planting because of the issue of finances. Too many times, the spouse of the church planter supports the family until the church officially opens it doors and is self-sufficient (Malphurs 47). If the new church is adopted by a mother church, then there may be a salary or a budget to help cover expenses and living costs for the church planter, the church, and maybe the core team. This may be a gift from the mother church, or a budget may be established through the missions ministry, or a call may be made to individual congregation members to help support the church through special tithes and offerings (Church). Quite often, the church planter and the core team will have to work a second job to help pay their family bills. This often makes the church planting process longer to fulfill as valuable time is spent at the salaried position and not accomplishing the goals of the new church (Wagner 84). There are several important, practical financial avenues that will help church planters in their efforts to raise money for the new church. Three of the principles listed are negative and focus on what drives people from not being as forthcoming with their tithing gifts. The last two are positive and aid the church planter in knowing what potential contributors are looking for in the church (Schaller 137). People do not want to feel the church will be or become dependant on their financial contribution. Contributors do not want to feel they are satisfying a church’s â€Å"wants† (i.e. salaries, utility bills, or mortgages). The contributors may feel their money is being used to help the church minister to others by buying Bibles, donating to a church library, or a specific ministry in need (Miller 126). People, in general, do not like being made to feel guilty by not helping the church. Too many times, church leadership will announce that the church needs money to pay for this or pay for that. Contributors who feel guilty about helping the church with their donations will stop making those donations after a period of time and may look for a new church that will not give them such a negative feeling (Church). According to Lyle Schaller, â€Å"People do not want to have to feel their donation is going to cover the needs of the church.† (139) Church members like to hear good news about what is taking place in the church and to be constantly told the church is running short of keeping itself afloat tends to discourage them from contributing. Givers will respond positively to visions. The key to this principle is for the church planter and the core team to always remember the vision that brought the congregation through the doors initially. If people see the visions of the church are being accomplished, even if it is one small step at a time, the people will jump on the band wagon and continue to support the vision, both financially and in prayer (Malphurs 54). Finally, the church congregation responds to BIG visions. Church planters and the core team need to think big and have big visions because there is a big God who has big plans for all Christians. The church planter, the core team, and the congregation need to continually update and expand on the original vision that started the church family (Malphurs 310). The First Sunday There are a tremendous number of obstacles the church planter faces with the core team as they accomplish the commands of Jesus with the Great Commission. Planting new churches is not an easy task as taught in the Bible with Jesus and His disciples and Paul with his team. Through faith, prayer, obedience, hard work, and following the structured game plan, the church planter can effectively plant a new church and watch the church grow from a simple vision into flourishing and fruitful tree in God’s kingdom that can continue on and provide support for new churches it develops later on. Back, Jerry. Church Planting Responsibilities and Ministry. Diss. Western Conservative Baptist Seminary, 1983. Brock, Charles. The Principles and Practice of Indigenous Church Planting, Nashville: Broadman Press, 1981. Chaney, Charles L. Church Planting at the End of the Twentieth Century, Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1984. Church Planting Churches. Dirs. Logan, Robert E. and Ogne, Steven L. 1995. Videocassette. CRM Publishing. Heron, Pastor. Personal Interview. 5 April 2007. Hesselgrave, David J. Planting Churches Cross-Culturally, Grand Rapids: The Baker Book House, 1980. Holy Bible, New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002. Malphurs, Aubrey. Planting Growing Churches for the 21st Century, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1998. Miller, Bernard K. A Theological and Intercultural Examination of Descriptors of the Local Church the Goal of a Church Planting Ministry. Diss. Western Conservative Baptist Seminary, 1988. Ritchey, Blair Alan. Wesleyan Church Planting in the 1990’s, Diss. Fuller Theological Seminary, 1992 Schaller, Lyle E. 44 Questions for Church Planters, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1991. Shenk, David W. and Ervin R. Stutzman. Creating Communities of the Kingdom, Scottsdale: Herald Press, 1988. Swauger, Paul L. Plan to Plant: a 10-Step Guide for Planting New Churches, Indianapolis: The Wesleyan Church, 1990. Wagner, C. Peter. Strategies for Church Growth, Ventura: Regal Books, 1987. Research Papers on A Game Plan for Planting New ChurchesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Hockey GameAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemTrailblazing by Eric AndersonQuebec and Canada

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